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proposed subject of invention

  • 1 proposed subject of invention

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > proposed subject of invention

  • 2 proposed subject of invention

    предполагаемый объект изобретения, предполагаемый предмет изобретения

    Patent terms dictionary > proposed subject of invention

  • 3 subject

    объект; предмет, тема; вопрос
    - subject of application
    - subject of industrial property
    - subject of license
    - subject of patent
    - subject of patenting
    - additional subject
    - application subject
    - controversial subject
    - patentable subject
    - patented subject
    - proposed subject of invention
    - test subject

    Patent terms dictionary > subject

  • 4 предполагаемый объект изобретения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > предполагаемый объект изобретения

  • 5 предполагаемый предмет изобретения

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > предполагаемый предмет изобретения

  • 6 Bramah, Joseph

    [br]
    b. 2 April 1749 Stainborough, Yorkshire, England
    d. 9 December 1814 Pimlico, London, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the second patented water-closet, the beer-engine, the Bramah lock and, most important, the hydraulic press.
    [br]
    Bramah was the son of a tenant farmer and was educated at the village school before being apprenticed to a local carpenter, Thomas Allot. He walked to London c.1773 and found work with a Mr Allen that included the repair of some of the comparatively rare water-closets of the period. He invented and patented one of his own, which was followed by a water cock in 1783. His next invention, a greatly improved lock, involved the devising of a number of special machine tools, for it was one of the first devices involving interchangeable components in its manufacture. In this he had the help of Henry Maudslay, then a young and unknown engineer, who became Bramah's foreman before setting up business on his own. In 1784 he moved his premises from Denmark Street, St Giles, to 124 Piccadilly, which was later used as a showroom when he set up a factory in Pimlico. He invented an engine for putting out fires in 1785 and 1793, in effect a reciprocating rotary-vane pump. He undertook the refurbishment and modernization of Norwich waterworks c.1793, but fell out with Robert Mylne, who was acting as Consultant to the Norwich Corporation and had produced a remarkably vague specification. This was Bramah's only venture into the field of civil engineering.
    In 1797 he acted as an expert witness for Hornblower \& Maberley in the patent infringement case brought against them by Boulton and Watt. Having been cut short by the judge, he published his proposed evidence in "Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir James Eyre, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas…etc". In 1795 he was granted his most important patent, based on Pascal's Hydrostatic Paradox, for the hydraulic press which also incorporated the concept of hydraulics for the transmission of both power and motion and was the foundation of the whole subsequent hydraulic industry. There is no truth in the oft-repeated assertion originating from Samuel Smiles's Industrial Biography (1863) that the hydraulic press could not be made to work until Henry Maudslay invented the self-sealing neck leather. Bramah used a single-acting upstroking ram, sealed only at its base with a U-leather. There was no need for a neck leather.
    He also used the concept of the weight-loaded, in this case as a public-house beer-engine. He devised machinery for carbonating soda water. The first banknote-numbering machine was of his design and was bought by the Bank of England. His development of a machine to cut twelve nibs from one goose quill started a patent specification which ended with the invention of the fountain pen, patented in 1809. His coach brakes were an innovation that was followed bv a form of hydropneumatic carriage suspension that was somewhat in advance of its time, as was his patent of 1812. This foresaw the introduction of hydraulic power mains in major cities and included the telescopic ram and the air-loaded accumulator.
    In all Joseph Bramah was granted eighteen patents. On 22 March 1813 he demonstrated a hydraulic machine for pulling up trees by the roots in Hyde Park before a large crowd headed by the Duke of York. Using the same machine in Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire to fell timber for ships for the Navy, he caught a chill and died soon after at his home in Pimlico.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1778, British patent no. 1177 (water-closet). 1784, British patent no. 1430 (Bramah Lock). 1795, British patent no. 2045 (hydraulic press). 1809, British patent no. 3260 (fountain pen). 1812, British patent no. 3611.
    Further Reading
    I.McNeil, 1968, Joseph Bramah, a Century of Invention.
    S.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942, "Joseph Bramah and his inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22:169–86.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bramah, Joseph

  • 7 Klic, Karol (Klietsch, Karl)

    [br]
    b. 31 May 1841 Arnau, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
    d. 16 November 1826 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Czech inventor of photogravure and rotogravure.
    [br]
    Klic, sometimes known by the germanized form of his name Karl Klietsch, gained a knowledge of chemistry from his chemist father. However, he inclined towards the arts, preferring to mix paints rather than chemicals, and he trained in art at the Academy of Painting in Prague. His father thought to combine the chemical with the artistic by setting up his son in a photographic studio in Brno, but the arts won and in 1867 Klic moved to Vienna to practise as an illustrator and caricaturist. He also acquired skill as an etcher, and this led him to print works of art reproduced by photography by means of an intaglio process. He perfected the process c.1878 and, through it, Vienna became for a while the world centre for high-quality art reproductions. The prints were made by hand from flat plates, but Klic then proposed that the images should be etched onto power-driven cylinders. He found little support for rotary gravure, or rotogravure, on the European continent, but learning that Storey Brothers, textile printers of Lancaster, England, were working in a similar direction, he went there in 1890 to perfect his idea. Rotogravure printing on textiles began in 1893. They then turned to printing art reproductions on paper by rotogravure and in 1895 formed the Rembrandt Intaglio Printing Company. Their photogra-vures attracted worldwide attention when they appeared in the Magazine of Art. Klic saw photogravure as a small-scale medium for the art lover and not for mass-circulation publications, so he did not patent his invention and thought to control it by secrecy. That had the usual result, however, and knowledge of the process leaked out from Storey's, spreading to other countries in Europe and, from 1903, to the USA. Klic lived on in a modest way in Vienna, his later years troubled by failing sight. He hardly earned the credit for the invention, let alone the fortune reaped by others who used, and still use, photogravure for printing long runs of copy such as newspaper colour supplements.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1927, Inland Printer (January): 614.
    Karol Klic. vynálezu hlubotisku, 1957, Prague (the only full-length biography; in Czech, with an introduction in English, French and German).
    S.H.Horgan, 1925, "The invention of photogravure", Inland Printer (April): 64 (contains brief details of his life and works).
    G.Wakeman, 1973, Victorian Book Illustration, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles, pp. 126–8.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Klic, Karol (Klietsch, Karl)

  • 8 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 9 Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy

    [br]
    b. 14 February 1793 Treator, near Padstow, Cornwall, England
    d. 28 February 1875 Reeds, near Bude, Cornwall, England
    [br]
    English pioneer of steam road transport.
    [br]
    Educated at Truro Grammar School, he then studied under Dr Avery at Wadebridge to become a doctor of medicine. He settled as a surgeon in Wadebridge, spending his leisure time in building an organ and in the study of chemistry and mechanical science. He married Elizabeth Symons in 1814, and in 1820 moved with his wife to London. He delivered a course of lectures at the Surrey Institution on the elements of chemical science, attended by, amongst others, the young Michael Faraday. While there, Gurney made his first invention, the oxyhydrogen blowpipe. For this he received the Gold Medal of the Society of Arts. He experimented with lime and magnesia for the production of an illuminant for lighthouses with some success. He invented a musical instrument of glasses played like a piano.
    In 1823 he started experiments related to steam and locomotion which necessitated taking a partner in to his medical practice, from which he resigned shortly after. His objective was to produce a steam-driven vehicle to run on common roads. His invention of the steam-jet of blast greatly improved the performance of the steam engine. In 1827 he took his steam carriage to Cyfarthfa at the request of Mr Crawshaw, and while there applied his steam-jet to the blast furnaces, greatly improving their performance in the manufacture of iron. Much of the success of George Stephenson's steam engine, the Rocket was due to Gurney's steam blast.
    In July 1829 Gurney made a historic trip with his road locomotive. This was from London to Bath and back, which was accomplished at a speed of 18 mph (29 km/h) and was made at the instigation of the Quartermaster-General of the Army. So successful was the carriage that Sir Charles Dance started to run a regular service with it between Gloucester and Cheltenham. This ran for three months without accident, until Parliament introduced prohibitive taxation on all self-propelled vehicles. A House of Commons committee proposed that these should be abolished as inhibiting progress, but this was not done. Sir Goldsworthy petitioned Parliament on the harm being done to him, but nothing was done and the coming of the railways put the matter beyond consideration. He devoted his time to finding other uses for the steam-jet: it was used for extinguishing fires in coal-mines, some of which had been burning for many years; he developed a stove for the production of gas from oil and other fatty substances, intended for lighthouses; he was responsible for the heating and the lighting of both the old and the new Houses of Parliament. His evidence after a colliery explosion resulted in an Act of Parliament requiring all mines to have two shafts. He was knighted in 1863, the same year that he suffered a stroke which incapacitated him. He retired to his house at Reeds, near Bude, where he was looked after by his daughter, Anna.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1863. Society of Arts Gold Medal.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy

  • 10 Menzies, Michael

    [br]
    b. end of the seventeenth century Lanarkshire, Scotland (?)
    d. 13 December 1766 Edinburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and lawyer.
    [br]
    Menzies was admitted as a member of the Faculty of Advocates on 31 January 1719. It is evident from his applications for patents that he was more concerned with inventions than the law, however. He took out his first patent in 1734 for a threshing machine in which a number of flails were attached to a horizontal axis, which was moved rapidly forwards and backwards through half a revolution, essentially imitating the action of an ordinary flail. The grain to be threshed was placed on either side.
    Though not a practical success, Menzies's invention seems to have been the first for the mechanical threshing of grain. His idea of imitating non-mechanized action also influenced his invention of a coal cutter, for which he took out a patent in 1761 and which copied miners' tools for obtaining coal. He proposed to carry heavy chains down the pit so that they could be used to give motion to iron picks, saws or other chains with cutting implements. The chains could be set into motion by a steam-engine, by water-or windmills, or by horses gins. Although it is quite obvious that this apparatus could not work, Menzies was the first to have thought of mechanizing coal production in the style that was in use in the late twentieth century. Subsequent to Menzies's proposal, many inventors at varying intervals followed this direction until the problem was finally solved one century later by, among others, W.E. Garforth.
    Menzies had successfully used the power of a steam-engine on the Wear eight years beforehand, when he obtained a patent for raising coal. According to his device a descending bucket filled with water raised a basket of coals, while a steam-engine pumped the water back to the surface; the balance-tub system, in various forms, quickly spread to other coalfields. Menzies's patent from 1750 for improved methods of carrying the coals from the coalface to the pit-shaft had also been of considerable influence: this device employed self-acting inclined planes, whereon the descending loaded wagons hauled up the empty ones.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    The article entitled "Michael Menzies" in the Dictionary of National Biography neglects Menzies's inventions for mining. A comprehensive evaluation of his influence on coal cutting is given in the introductory chapter of S.F.Walker, 1902, Coal-Cutting by
    Machinery, London.
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Menzies, Michael

  • 11 Poulsen, Valdemar

    [br]
    b. 23 November 1869 Copenhagen, Denmark
    d. 23 July 1942 Gentofte, Denmark
    [br]
    Danish engineer who developed practical magnetic recording and the arc generator for continuous radio waves.
    [br]
    From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.
    The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.
    In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.
    In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.
    The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.
    The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.
    From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1899, British patent no. 8,961 (the first British telegraphone patent). 1903, British patent no. 15,599 (the first British arc-genera tor patent).
    His scientific publications are few, but fundamental accounts of his contribution are: 1900, "Das Telegraphon", Ann. d. Physik 3:754–60; 1904, "System for producing continuous oscillations", Trans. Int. El. Congr. St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 963–71.
    Further Reading
    A.Larsen, 1950, Telegrafonen og den Traadløse, Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter no. 2, Copenhagen (provides a very complete, although somewhat confusing, account of Poulsen's contributions; a list of his patents is given on pp. 285–93).
    F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Re cor ding in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (it is here that doubt is expressed about whether Poulsen's ideas were developed independently).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poulsen, Valdemar

  • 12 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

    [br]
    b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
    d. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England
    [br]
    English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.
    [br]
    The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.
    Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.
    The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.
    In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.
    Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.
    Further Reading
    E.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.
    D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

  • 13 Bain, Alexander

    [br]
    b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland
    d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).
    [br]
    Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.
    The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.
    10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).
    1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and
    Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).
    Further Reading
    The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.
    J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.
    T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).
    DV / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander

  • 14 Nipkow, Paul Gottlieb

    [br]
    b. 22 August 1860 Lauenburg, Pommern (now Lebork, Poland)
    d. 24 August 1940 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    Polish electrical engineer who invented the Nipkow television scanning disc.
    [br]
    In 1884, while still a student engineer, Nipkow patented a mechanical television pick-up device using a disc with a spiral of twenty-four holes rotating at 600 rpm in front of a selenium cell. He also proposed a display on an identical synchronous disc in conjunction with a light-modulator based on the Faraday effect. Unfortunately it was not possible to realize a working system at the time because of the slow response of selenium cells and the lack of suitable electronic-sig-nal amplifiers; he was unable to pay the extension fees and so the patent lapsed. Others took up the idea, however, and in 1907 pictures were sent between London and Paris by wire. Subsequently, the principle was used by Baird, Ives, and Jenkins.
    For most of his working life after obtaining his doctorate, Nipkow was employed as an engineer by a company that made railway-signalling equipment, but his pioneering invention was finally recognized in 1934 when he was made Honorary President of the newly formed German Television Society.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, German Television Society 1934.
    Bibliography
    1884, German patent no. 30,105 (Nipkow's pioneering method of television image-scanning).
    Further Reading
    R.W.Hubbell, 1946, 4,000 Years of Television, London: G.Harrap \& Co.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Nipkow, Paul Gottlieb

  • 15 Whitney, Eli

    [br]
    b. 8 December 1765 Westborough, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 8 January 1825 New Haven, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the cotton gin and manufacturer of firearms.
    [br]
    The son of a prosperous farmer, Eli Whitney as a teenager showed more interest in mechanics than school work. At the age of 15 he began an enterprise business manufacturing nails in his father's workshop, even having to hire help to fulfil his orders. He later determined to acquire a university education and, his father having declined to provide funds, he taught at local schools to obtain the means to attend Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in preparation for his entry to Yale in 1789. He graduated in 1792 and then decided to study law. He accepted a position in Georgia as a tutor that would have given him time for study; this post did not materialize, but on his journey south he met General Nathanael Greene's widow and the manager of her plantations, Phineas Miller (1764–1803). A feature of agriculture in the southern states was that the land was unsuitable for long-staple cotton but could yield large crops of green-seed cotton. Green-seed cotton was difficult to separate from its seed, and when Whitney learned of the problem in 1793 he quickly devised a machine known as the cotton gin, which provided an effective solution. He formed a partnership with Miller to manufacture the gin and in 1794 obtained a patent. This invention made possible the extraordinary growth of the cotton industry in the United States, but the patent was widely infringed and it was not until 1807, after amendment of the patent laws, that Whitney was able to obtain a favourable decision in the courts and some financial return.
    In 1798 Whitney was in financial difficulties following the failure of the initial legal action against infringement of the cotton gin patent, but in that year he obtained a government contract to supply 10,000 muskets within two years with generous advance payments. He built a factory at New Haven, Connecticut, and proposed to use a new method of manufacture, perhaps the first application of the system of interchangeable parts. He failed to supply the firearms in the specified time, and in fact the first 500 guns were not delivered until 1801 and the full contract was not completed until 1809.
    In 1812 Whitney made application for a renewal of his cotton gin patent, but this was refused. In the same year, however, he obtained a second contract from the Government for 15,000 firearms and a similar one from New York State which ensured the success of his business.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Mirsky and A.Nevins, 1952, The World of Eli Whitney, New York (a good biography). P.J.Federico, 1960, "Records of Eli Whitney's cotton gin patent", Technology and Culture 1: 168–76 (for details of the cotton gin patent).
    R.S.Woodbury, 1960, The legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts', Technology and Culture 1:235–53 (challenges the traditional view of Eli Whitney as the sole originator of the "American" system of manufacture).
    See also Technology and Culture 14(1973):592–8; 18(1977):146–8; 19(1978):609–11.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Whitney, Eli

  • 16 efecto

    m.
    1 effect (consecuencia, resultado).
    con efecto desde with effect from
    hacer efecto to take effect
    surtir efecto to have an effect
    tener efecto to come into o take effect (vigencia)
    efecto dominó domino effect
    efecto invernadero greenhouse effect
    efecto óptico optical illusion
    efectos secundarios side effects
    2 aim, purpose.
    al efecto, a dicho efecto, a tal efecto to that end
    a efectos de algo as far as something is concerned
    a efectos legales,… as far as the law is concerned,…, in the eyes of the law,…
    a todos los efectos for all practical purposes
    3 impression.
    producir buen/mal efecto to make a good/bad impression
    4 spin.
    dar efecto a to put spin on
    efecto de comercio commercial paper
    efecto de favor accommodation bill
    6 effectiveness, striking quality.
    * * *
    1 (resultado) effect, result, end
    2 (impresión) impression
    3 (fin) aim, object
    4 DEPORTE spin
    5 COMERCIO bill, draft
    1 (bienes) effects, possessions; (mercancías) goods; (personales) effects, belongings
    \
    a efectos de... with the object of...
    a tal efecto to that end
    causar efecto to make an impression
    chutar con efecto to curl the ball, swerve the ball
    en efecto quite, yes indeed
    hacer buen efecto to be impressive, look good
    hacer efecto to make an impression, take effect, work
    ser de efecto retardado figurado to be slow on the uptake
    surtir efecto to work, be effective
    tener efecto (celebrarse) to take place 2 (entrar en vigor) to take effect
    efecto interbancario bank draft, bank bill
    efectos especiales special effects
    efectos personales personal belongings
    efectos públicos public bonds
    efectos secundarios side effects
    * * *
    noun m.
    - en efecto
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=consecuencia) effect

    • hacer efecto — to take effect

    • por efecto de — (=por acción de) by; (=a consecuencia de) as a result of

    • de efecto retardado — [bomba] delayed-action antes de s

    es de efectos retardados — hum he's a bit slow on the uptake *

    • surtir o tener o causar efecto — to have an effect

    efecto 2000 — (Inform) millennium bug, Y2K

    efecto útil — (Mec) efficiency, output

    2)

    • en efecto — indeed

    nos encontramos, en efecto, ante un invento revolucionario — we are indeed faced with a revolutionary invention

    en efecto, así es — yes, indeed o that's right

    y en efecto, el libro estaba donde él dijo — sure enough, the book was where he had said it would be

    3) (=vigencia)
    [de ley, reforma]

    • efecto retroactivo, esas medidas tendrán efecto retroactivo — those measures will be applied retroactively o retrospectively

    • tener efecto — to take effect, come into effect

    4) frm (=objetivo) purpose

    • a efectos fiscales/prácticos — for tax/practical purposes

    a efectos legales — for legal purposes, in legal terms

    a efectos de contrato, los dos cónyuges son copropietarios — for the purposes of the contract, husband and wife are co-owners

    • al efecto — for the purpose

    una comisión designada al efecto — a specially established commission, a commission set up for the purpose

    • a efectos de hacer algo — in order to do sth

    • llevar a efecto — [+ acción, cambio] to carry out; [+ acuerdo, pacto] to put into practice; [+ reunión, congreso] to hold

    • a tal efecto — to this end, for this purpose

    a tal efecto, han convocado un referéndum — to this end o for this purpose, a referendum has been called

    • a todos los efectos — to all intents and purposes

    5) (=impresión) effect

    • ser de buen/mal efecto — to create o give a good/bad impression

    6) (Dep) [gen] spin; (Ftbl) swerve

    sacó la pelota con efecto — she put some spin on her service, she served with topspin

    dar efecto a la pelota, lanzar la pelota con efecto — (Tenis) to put spin on the ball; (Ftbl) to put a swerve on the ball

    7) pl efectos (Com) (=bienes) stock sing, goods; (=documentos) bills
    8) (Numismática)
    * * *
    1) (resultado, consecuencia) effect

    de efecto retardado — < mecanismo> delayed-action (before n)

    3) (Der) ( vigencia)

    la nueva ley tendrá efecto a partir de... — the new law will take effect o come into effect from...

    con efecto a partir de... — with effect from...

    4) (frml) ( fin)

    construido expresamente al or a tal or a este efecto — specially designed for this purpose

    a efectos legales — legally (speaking) o in the eyes of the law

    5) (Dep)
    b) ( desvío) swerve
    6)
    a) (Fin) ( valores) bill of exchange, draft
    b) efectos masculino plural (frml) ( de comercio) stock; ( de local) contents (pl)
    •
    * * *
    1) (resultado, consecuencia) effect

    de efecto retardado — < mecanismo> delayed-action (before n)

    3) (Der) ( vigencia)

    la nueva ley tendrá efecto a partir de... — the new law will take effect o come into effect from...

    con efecto a partir de... — with effect from...

    4) (frml) ( fin)

    construido expresamente al or a tal or a este efecto — specially designed for this purpose

    a efectos legales — legally (speaking) o in the eyes of the law

    5) (Dep)
    b) ( desvío) swerve
    6)
    a) (Fin) ( valores) bill of exchange, draft
    b) efectos masculino plural (frml) ( de comercio) stock; ( de local) contents (pl)
    •
    * * *
    efecto1
    1 = effect, action.

    Ex: Kaiser also investigated the effect of grouping subheadings of a subject.

    Ex: Coates believed that in order to conceptualise an action it is necessary to visualise the thing on which the action is being performed.
    * a efectos de = in terms of, for the purpose of + Nombre.
    * a efectos prácticos = to all intents and purposes, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes, to all intents.
    * a tal efecto = to this effect.
    * a tales efectos = hereto.
    * atenuar el efecto = mitigate + effect.
    * a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * causa-efecto = causal.
    * con efecto desde + Fecha = with effect from + Fecha.
    * dar el efecto de = give + the effect of.
    * de gran efecto = wide-reaching.
    * diluir el efecto = dissipate + effect.
    * efecto adverso = ill effect [ill-effect], adverse effect.
    * efecto bola de nieve = snowball effect.
    * efecto coercitivo = chilling effect.
    * efecto de halo = halo effect.
    * efecto de la guerra = effect of war.
    * efecto del santo = halo effect.
    * efecto desastroso = chilling effect.
    * efecto dominó = knock-on effect, chain reaction.
    * efecto dominó, el = ripple effect, the, domino effect, the.
    * efecto duradero = lasting effect, long-lasting effect.
    * efecto especial = special effect.
    * efecto final = net effect.
    * efecto invernadero, el = greenhouse effect, the.
    * efecto látigo, el = whip effect, the.
    * efecto moderador = toned effect.
    * efecto multiplicador = multiplier effect.
    * efecto nefasto = deleterious effect.
    * efecto negativo = ill effect [ill-effect], chilling effect, blowback.
    * efecto nocivo = damaging effect, toxic effect, harmful effect.
    * efecto óptico = optical illusion.
    * efecto perjudicial = damaging effect, harmful effect.
    * efecto positivo = beneficial effect, positive effect.
    * efecto profundo = profound effect.
    * efecto represivo = chilling effect.
    * efecto secundario = side effect [side-effect], spillover effect, after effect [after-effect].
    * efecto sicológico = psychological effect.
    * efecto sonoro = sound effect.
    * efectos secundarios = knock-on effect.
    * efecto tóxico = toxic effect.
    * efecto visual = visual.
    * emisión de gases de efecto invernadero = carbon emission.
    * en efecto = to all intents and purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * estropear el efecto = spoil + effect.
    * gas que produce el efecto invernadero = greenhouse gas.
    * intensificar el efecto de algo = intensify + effect.
    * los efectos negativos se están dejando sentir ahora = chickens come home to roost.
    * luchar con los efectos adversos de = combat + the effects of.
    * mitigar el efecto = mitigate + effect.
    * mitigar el efecto de Algo = minimise + effect.
    * paliar el efecto = mitigate + effect.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * profundo efecto = profound effect.
    * protegerse de los efectos de Algo = ward off + effects.
    * relación causa-efecto = cause-effect relation, causal relationship.
    * sentir los efectos de = feel + the effects of.
    * sufrir el efecto de Algo = suffer + effect.
    * surtir efecto = take + effect, have + effect, pay off, pay, come into + effect.
    * tener efecto = take + effect.
    * tener efecto sobre = impinge on/upon.
    * tener su efecto = take + Posesivo + toll (on).
    * tener un efecto adverso sobre = have + an adverse effect on.

    efecto2
    * efecto bancario = bank draft, banker's draft, banker's cheque.
    * efectos negociables = commercial paper.
    * efectos personales = personal belongings, belongings.
    * tienda de efectos navales = chandlery.
    efecto3
    3 = topspin.

    Ex: In order to be effective with passing shots, you need to be able to impart a lot of topspin on the ball.

    * * *
    A
    1 (resultado, consecuencia) effect
    el castigo surtió efecto the punishment had the desired effect
    las medidas no han producido el efecto deseado ( frml); the measures have not had the desired effect
    un calmante de efecto inmediato a fast-acting painkiller
    ya ha empezado a hacerle efecto la anestesia the anesthetic has begun to work o to take effect
    bajo los efectos del alcohol under the influence of alcohol
    medidas para paliar los efectos de la sequía measures to alleviate the effects of the drought
    la operación se llevó a efecto con gran rapidez ( frml); the operation was carried out extremely swiftly
    de efecto retardado ‹bomba/mecanismo› delayed-action ( before n)
    soy de efectos retardados ( hum); I'm a bit slow on the uptake ( hum)
    2
    en efecto indeed
    en efecto, así ocurrió it did indeed happen like that
    estamos, en efecto, presenciando un hecho único we are indeed witnessing an extraordinary event
    ¿es usted el doctor? — en efecto are you the doctor? —I am indeed
    Compuestos:
    puede tener un efecto bumerán it may boomerang o backfire
    domino effect
    greenhouse effect
    ( Hist, Inf) millennium bug
    optical illusion
    la ley no tendrá efecto retroactivo the law will not be retroactive o retrospective
    el aumento se aplicará con efecto retroactivo the increase will be backdated
    side effect
    mpl stage effects (pl)
    mpl special effects (pl)
    mpl sound effects (pl)
    mpl visual effects (pl)
    mpl videographics (pl)
    B
    (impresión): su conducta causó muy mal efecto his behavior gave a very bad impression o ( colloq) didn't go down at all well
    no sé qué efecto le causaron mis palabras I do not know what effect my words had o what impression my words made on him
    C ( Der) (vigencia) effect
    la nueva ley tendrá efecto a partir de octubre the new law will take effect o come into effect from October
    D ( frml)
    (fin): el edificio ha sido construido expresamente al or a tal or a este efecto the new building has been specially designed for this purpose
    debe rellenar el formulario que se le enviará a estos efectos you must fill in the relevant form which will be sent to you
    a efectos legales tal matrimonio es inexistente legally (speaking) o in the eyes of the law o for legal purposes such a marriage does not exist
    se trasladó a Bruselas a (los) efectos de firmar el acuerdo she traveled to Brussels to sign o in order to sign the agreement
    tendrá que comparecer ante el juez a los efectos oportunos he must appear before the judge to complete the necessary formalities
    a todos los efectos un joven de 18 años es un adulto to all intents and purposes a youth of 18 is an adult
    E
    (fenómeno científico): el efecto de Barnum the Barnum effect
    F ( Dep)
    le dio a la bola con efecto she put some spin on the ball
    2 (desvío) swerve
    tiró la pelota con efecto he made the ball swerve
    G
    1 ( Fin) (valores) bill of exchange, draft
    efectos negociables commercial paper
    2 efectos mpl ( frml) (de un comercio) stock; (de un local) contents (pl)
    Compuestos:
    bill of exchange
    ( frml); postage stamp
    mpl bank bills (pl), bank paper
    mpl chandlery
    mpl personal effects (pl)
    * * *

     

    efecto sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (resultado, consecuencia) effect;


    un calmante de efecto inmediato a fast-acting painkiller;
    mecanismo de efecto retardado delayed-action mechanism;
    bajo los efectos del alcohol under the influence of alcohol;
    efecto dos mil (Inf) millennium bug;
    efecto invernadero greenhouse effect;
    efecto óptico optical illusion;
    efecto secundario side effect;
    efectos especiales special effects;
    efectos sonoros sound effects
    b)



    ( así es) indeed
    2 ( impresión):
    ◊ su conducta causó mal efecto his behavior made a bad impression o (colloq) didn't go down well;

    no sé qué efecto le causaron mis palabras I don't know what effect my words had on him
    3 (Dep) ( desvío) swerve;
    ( movimiento rotatorio) spin;

    4

    efecto sustantivo masculino
    1 (consecuencia, resultado) effect: no tiene efectos secundarios, it has no side effects
    se marea por efecto de la medicación, she feels ill because of the medicine
    2 (impresión) impression: su discurso no me causó el menor efecto, his speech made no impression on me
    hace mal efecto, it makes a bad impression
    efectos especiales, special effects
    3 (fin, propósito) purpose: se le comunica al efecto de que.., you are informed that... 4 efectos personales, personal belongings o effects
    5 Meteor efecto invernadero, greenhouse effect
    6 Dep spin
    ♦ Locuciones: a efectos de..., for the purposes of...
    su firma es válida a todos los efectos, his signature is valid for any purpose
    surtir efecto, to take effect: nuestro plan no surtió efecto, our plan didn't work out
    ' efecto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ambiente
    - consecuencia
    - deberse
    - destructor
    - destructora
    - difusor
    - difusora
    - ser
    - estabilizador
    - estabilizadora
    - fulminante
    - golpe
    - imagen
    - impresión
    - imprimir
    - incidir
    - influencia
    - invernadero
    - mella
    - mirada
    - obra
    - prohibición
    - resultado
    - retardada
    - retardado
    - retroactiva
    - retroactivo
    - surtir
    - swing
    - afectar
    - agradable
    - compensar
    - denominar
    - disuasivo
    - enfoque
    - impactante
    - inmediato
    - pasar
    - recorte
    - relación
    - simular
    - soporífero
    - surrealista
    - trascendental
    English:
    act
    - actually
    - adverse
    - aerial
    - after-effect
    - bite
    - boomerang
    - cause
    - domino effect
    - effect
    - effectively
    - enough
    - evil
    - fall
    - flourish
    - fuck
    - greenhouse effect
    - heighten
    - leverage
    - ripple effect
    - send
    - side
    - some
    - special
    - spin
    - void
    - wear off
    - work
    - after
    - draft
    - effective
    - green
    - indeed
    - millennium
    - sedation
    - succeed
    - sure
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [consecuencia, resultado] effect;
    los efectos del terremoto fueron devastadores the effects of the earthquake were devastating;
    sus declaraciones causaron el efecto que él esperaba his statements had the desired effect;
    el analfabetismo es un efecto de la falta de escuelas illiteracy is a result of the lack of schools;
    la decisión de bajar los tipos de interés tuvo un efecto explosivo the decision to lower interest rates had an explosive impact;
    un medicamento de efecto inmediato a fast-acting medicine;
    un mecanismo de efecto retardado a delayed-action mechanism;
    Esp
    conducía o Am [m5] manejaba bajo los efectos del alcohol she was driving under the influence (of alcohol);
    hacer efecto to take effect;
    todavía no me ha hecho efecto la aspirina the aspirin still hasn't taken effect;
    llevar algo a efecto to put sth into effect, to implement sth;
    el desalojo de las viviendas se llevará a efecto mañana the evacuation of the homes will be carried out tomorrow;
    llevaron a efecto sus promesas/amenazas they made good o carried out their promises/threats;
    surtir efecto to have an effect, to be effective;
    las medidas contra el desempleo no han surtido efecto the measures against unemployment haven't had any effect o haven't been effective;
    por efecto de as a result of;
    el incendio se declaró por efecto de las altas temperaturas the fire broke out as a result of the high temperatures
    Informát el efecto 2000 the millennium bug;
    efecto bumerán boomerang effect;
    efecto dominó domino effect;
    Fís efecto Doppler Doppler effect;
    efecto fotoeléctrico photoelectric effect;
    efecto invernadero greenhouse effect;
    efecto mariposa butterfly effect;
    efecto óptico optical illusion;
    efecto placebo placebo effect;
    efectos secundarios side effects;
    Fís efecto túnel tunnel effect
    2. [finalidad] aim, purpose;
    al efecto, a dicho efecto, a tal efecto to that end;
    rogamos contacte con nosotros, a tal efecto le adjuntamos… you are requested to contact us, and to that end please find attached…;
    un andamio levantado al efecto scaffolding erected for the purpose;
    las medidas propuestas a dicho efecto the measures proposed to this end;
    a estos efectos, se te suministrará el material necesario you will be provided with the necessary materials for this purpose;
    a efectos o [m5] para los efectos de algo as far as sth is concerned;
    a efectos fiscales, estos ingresos no cuentan this income is not counted for tax purposes, this income is not taxable;
    a efectos legales, esta empresa ya no existe as far as the law is concerned o in the eyes of the law, this company no longer exists;
    a todos los efectos el propietario es usted for all practical purposes you are the owner
    3. [impresión] impression;
    sus declaraciones causaron gran efecto his statements made a great impression;
    nos hizo mucho efecto la noticia the news came as quite a shock to us;
    producir buen/mal efecto to make a good/bad impression
    4. [vigencia] effect;
    con efecto desde with effect from;
    con efecto retroactivo retroactively;
    con efecto inmediato with immediate effect;
    un juez ha declarado sin efecto esta norma municipal a judge has declared this by-law null and void;
    tener efecto [vigencia] to come into o take effect;
    ¿desde cuándo tiene efecto esa norma? how long has that law been in force?
    5. [de balón, bola] spin;
    lanzó la falta con mucho efecto he put a lot of bend on the free kick;
    dar efecto a la pelota, golpear la pelota con efecto [en tenis] to put spin on the ball, to spin the ball;
    [en fútbol] to put bend on the ball, to bend the ball;
    dar a la bola efecto de la derecha/izquierda [en billar] to put right-hand/left-hand side on the ball;
    dar a la bola efecto alto [en billar] to put topspin on the ball
    6. Com [documento] bill
    efecto bancario bank bill;
    efectos a cobrar bills receivable;
    efecto de comercio commercial paper;
    efectos del estado government securities;
    efecto de favor accommodation bill;
    efectos a pagar bills payable;
    efectos públicos government securities
    ♦ efectos nmpl
    1. Cine & TV efectos especiales special effects;
    efectos sonoros sound effects;
    efectos visuales visual effects
    2. [posesiones] efectos personales personal possessions o effects
    3. [mercancías] goods
    efectos de consumo consumer goods
    ♦ en efecto loc adv
    indeed;
    y, en efecto, fuimos a visitar la ciudad and we did indeed visit the city;
    ¿lo hiciste tú? – en efecto did you do it? – I did indeed o indeed I did
    * * *
    m
    1 effect;
    surtir efecto take effect, work;
    efecto a largo plazo long-term effect;
    aplicarse con efecto retroactivo be applied retroactively;
    la subida con efecto retroactivo de las pensiones the retroactive increase in pensions;
    llevar a efecto carry out;
    dejar sin efecto negate, undo
    2
    :
    hacer buen/mal efecto give o create a good/bad impression
    3
    :
    al efecto for the purpose;
    en efecto indeed
    * * *
    efecto nm
    1) : effect
    2)
    en efecto : actually, in fact
    3) efectos nmpl
    : goods, property
    efectos personales: personal effects
    * * *
    1. (en general) effect
    2. (pelota) spin
    hacer efecto to take effect [pt. took; pp. taken] / to work

    Spanish-English dictionary > efecto

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